January 9th - 15th
“A week of firsts: the first plane to fly 1km, the first income tax, the first London Underground railway line, the first national lottery, the first visitors to the British Museum...”
On 9th January…
1799 - Income tax was introduced in Britain by the Prime Minister, William Pitt the younger, to raise funds for the Napoleonic wars. Everyone earning over £60 a year was taxed. Those earning over £200 were taxed at 10%, this meant that they had to give the government 10% of their income; people who earnt between £60 and £200 paid a graduated rate from just under 1% to 10% depending on how much money they earnt. So, if somebody was earning £200, they would have to give the government £20 of their wages to help pay for the war. Today we pay income tax to help pay for lots of things, such as the NHS, schools, and emergency services.
1806 -Horatio Nelson, the Admiral who led the British navy to victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar received a State Funeral and was buried in St Paul’s cathedral. Having died at the Battle of Trafalgar his body arrived back in England on December 23, 1805 and lay in state from 5th to 7th January. Over 15,000 people came to pay their respects and see his body. On 8th January, his body was taken up the Thames from Greenwich to Whitehall where it spent the night before being taken on a funeral procession in a model of his ship Victory, through the streets of London to St Paul’s. Every year wreaths are laid on his tomb at a special ‘Sea Service’ held on the nearest Sunday to Trafalgar Day (21st October).
1982 - Kate Middleton, the Princess of Wales, and wife of Prince William was born in Reading, England.
On 10th January…
1840 - The uniform penny post mail system began in the UK. Before this time the person receiving the mail had to pay for any letter that was sent to them, and the charge was based on the distance the letter had come and how much it weighed. (I wonder how many bills were returned to sender back then?) The standard penny charge in which every piece of post cost just one penny (1d) was extremely popular, and more and more people began to use the postal system. There were no stamps at that time, so each piece of post was hand-struck (written or stamped on with ink) to prove postage had been paid before being sent. By May of the same year adhesive stamps were introduced to pay for postage; the stamps used were called ‘Penny Black’ because they cost a penny and showed Queen Victoria’s profile in white against a black background.
The London Underground opens for the first time
1863 - The London Underground opened its first railway which ran between Paddington (then called Bishop’s Road) and Farringdon Street. The trains were not run on electricity like they are today, but instead were all steam powered. Can you imagine what it must have been like with all the steam and smoke in those underground tunnels?
On 11th January…
1569 - The first English national lottery was held outside St Paul’s Cathedral in London. It was held to raise money to rebuild and repair England’s harbours and coastal defences which were all in need of maintenance and repair. Queen Elizabeth I thought that a lottery would be a more popular way to raise more money than by taxing the population. The tickets cost 10 shillings each and every ticket was guaranteed to win a prize. Unlike today where you choose numbers and hope that your numbers are drawn, the tickets sold were blank pieces of paper. On the paper you would write your name and a ‘device’ (which was often a prayer or a line or two of verse). The tickets would all be put into a box until the draw date, which for this particular lottery didn’t happen until May. On the draw date a person was blindfolded and asked to select a ticket from one box and another piece of paper from a second box which had a prize written on it. The prizes ranged from a silver plate to a large sum of money.
Would you rather buy a lottery ticket knowing that you will win a prize even if it is a small prize, or would you rather buy a lottery ticket in the hope of winning a large amount of money but knowing that you might not win anything?
On 12th January…
1976 - The crime writer Agatha Christie died at the age of 85 years. Her stories have sold millions of copies worldwide and been made into TV shows and films. The most famous detectives from her stories were Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot. She also wrote plays, one of which has been staged continuously in the West End (London) since 1952, that’s nearly 70 years, it only stopped last March when Lockdown was put into place because of COVID-19.
On 13th January…
First plane to completely fly a 1km circuit
1908 - Henri Farman, an Anglo-French aviation pioneer and aircraft builder, won the Grand Prix d’Aviation and became the first person to successfully fly a 1 km circuit in his bi-plane the Voisin-Farman I. It took him 1 min. 28 secs. to fly the circuit.
On 14th January…
1742 - Edmond Halley, the English astronomer and mathematician died at the age of 85 years. After studying historic sightings of comets, he noticed that three were so similar in characteristics that it was possibly the same comet in orbit and accurately predicted its return in 1758. That comet is now known as Halley’s comet, it orbits the sun every 75-76 years and is next expected to appear in 2062.
1898 - The author of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Lewis Carroll died. His real name was Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. If you were a writer would you choose a pen name (pseudonym)? If so, what would it be?
On 15th January…
Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I
1559 - Queen Elizabeth I was crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey in London. Her coronation ceremony mixed both Catholic practices and Protestant ones with parts of the service being read in Latin and then English. This gave the country a sign of the changes to come following the strictly Catholic rule of her older half-sister Queen Mary I.
1759 - Founded in 1753, the British Museum opened its doors in London. The first visitors had to apply for tickets to see the museum’s collections, the tickets were only available a few hours a week. Today the museum holds about eight million objects covering two million years of human history. Have you ever been to the British Museum? What museums have you visited?