December 3rd - 9th
On 3rd December…
1894 - The Scottish writer and author Robert Louis Stevenson died. His most famous books are Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.
On 4th December…
1154 - The only Englishman ever to become pope, Nicolas Breakspear, was elected as pope and began his papacy in Rome as Pope Adrian IV.
1214 - King William I of Scotland, also known as William the Lion, died. He fought England to regain the lands of Northumberland but ended up being captured during battle. To gain his freedom he was made to sign the Treaty of Falaise which ordered him to tax the Scottish people and give the tax to King Henry II of England to keep English armies in Scottish castles. The treaty also made William acknowledge Henry as his overlord and superior. When Henry II died William was able to buy back the English rights and gain Scottish freedom from England because the new English king, Richard I, needed money to finance his crusades abroad.
1791 - The Observer newspaper was first published in London. It is Britain’s oldest Sunday newspaper.
Edith Cavell was born
1865 - Edith Cavell was born in Norfolk, England. During World War I she became a nurse in German occupied Belgium and treated both German and Allied soldiers alike. She was caught aiding Allied soldiers to escape., found guilty, and sentenced to death for her actions. This led to uproar from governments around the world, but despite their objections Edith Cavell was executed by firing squad along with others also convicted of the same crime.
On 5th December…
1901 - Walt Disney, the man behind cartoon characters such as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, was born in Chicago, U.S.A. He is the founder of the Disney Company and also designed the Disneyland theme parks in Los Angeles and Florida before he died.
1952 - A thick dense smog descended over London. It was a mixture of fog and chimney smoke which was being kept down at ground level, unable to escape, because of the air pressure from the weather conditions. The air quality became so bad that thousands of people died from breathing difficulties during the five days that it lasted. At one point visibility was so bad that you couldn’t see further than a metre in front of you. The consequences of the smog prompted the Clean Air Act to be passed by Parliament which restricted the burning of coal in fireplaces and industrial furnaces in certain areas. The Clean Air Act is considered to be a major event in the history of environmentalism.
2013 - Nelson Mandela died at the age of 95 years. He was a South African, anti-apartheid, activist who was imprisoned for 26 years for his political actions. On his release from prison he went on to become the first black president of South Africa.
On 6th December…
Birth of King Henry VI
1421 - King Henry VI of England was born. He became King of England when he was only 9 months old after his father King Henry V died. His reign was split into two parts during the Wars of the Roses which was a war between royal cousins over who had the right to be king. Henry VI was overthrown in 1461 by his cousin, Edward of York, who became King Edward IV. Edward IV was in turn overthrown in 1470 and replaced by Henry VI again. Henry’s second reign of England lasted for a few short months before he was deposed in 1471 and the throne was taken back by King Edward IV once more.
On 7th December…
Lord Darnley was born
1545 - Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, was born in Yorkshire, England. He married Mary Queen of Scots and was father to King James VI of Scotland and I of England. He was murdered in suspicious circumstances and his wife Mary Queen of Scots was suspected of having a hand in his murder.
A cow got blown into a tree by the Great Storm
1703 - The Great Storm of 1703 visited Britain overnight from the 7th - 8th December. It was so bad that it reportedly killed between 8,000 and 15,000 people. A description of the aftermath went, “It blew fish out of ponds and onto the banks in London’s St James’s Park, beat birds to the ground and swept farm animals away to their deaths. Oaks collapsed and pieces of timber, iron and lead blasted through the streets. The gales blew a man into the air and over a hedge. A cow was blown into the high branches of a tree…” (www.bbc.com/earth/story/20170309-in-1703-britain-was-struck-by-possibly-its-worst-ever-storm)
Sounds absolutely horrific!
1941 - During World War II the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii. This action brought the previously neutral U.S.A. directly into the war.
On 8th December…
Birth of Mary Queen of Scots
1542 - Mary Queen of Scots was born in Linlithgow Palace in Scotland. Just six days after her birth her father, King James V died this meant that Mary became Queen of Scotland. Her great-grandfather was King Henry VII of England, her uncle was Henry VIII, and she was a cousin of Elizabeth I, who held Mary captive for eighteen years before beheading her for treason.
Grand opening of Clifton Suspension Bridge
1864 - The Clifton Suspension Bridge was finally opened in Bristol after over 33 years of construction. The day was marked with special occasions; a military display began in Bristol’s Queen Square at 9:30am followed by a march along the main streets towards the bridge - there were enough marching troops to stretch over half a mile long. The marching bands and troops were followed by a procession of local tradesmen, policemen, firefighters and societies; the procession was that long that it took nearly an hour to pass by. There were fairground stalls, acrobats and street vendors; the river below was filled with decorated steam ships. It was a spectacular event that people had crowded to witness. Following an artillery-gun salute (small canons were fired to celebrate), the parade crossed the bridge and returned back again. In the evening there were some fireworks and sparklers for the crowds who were still attending the celebrations which had begun nearly 12 hours before. Sadly, the architect and designer of the bridge, Isambard Kingdom Brunel had died five years before so did not get to see it completed; he missed out on a spectacular opening day for his greatest achievement.
On 9th December…
1165 - King Malcolm IV of Scotland died at the age of 24 years. He had been king since he was 11 years old after his grandfather King David I died. Malcolm IV died before he married or had any children and was given the nickname of the Maiden. On his death Malcolm’s younger brother William became King William I of Scotland also known as William the Lion.